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From Welfare to Empowerment: Evaluating State-led Initiatives for Women in India

Author(s) Kyasaram Kishtaiah
Country India
Abstract India's approach to women's development has moved, in policy language at least, from a welfare model that treated women as recipients of protection towards an empowerment model that seeks to expand their resources, agency, and voice. This paper evaluates that transition by examining major state-led initiatives, namely Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihoods Mission and Mission Shakti, alongside state programmes such as Kanyashree Prakalpa, Kudumbashree and recent unconditional cash transfers. Drawing on Kabeer's framework of resources, agency and achievements and Moser's typology of gender policy approaches, the study undertakes a structured desk review of national survey data, policy documents and peer-reviewed evaluations. The findings show substantial gains in financial inclusion, schooling and access to clean cooking fuel, but slower progress in the quality of paid work, asset ownership and freedom from violence. Programmes that combine material resources with collective organisation and norm change appear more likely to strengthen agency than schemes confined to transfers. The paper concludes that empowerment outcomes depend less on the number of schemes than on their convergence, outcome-based monitoring and gender-transformative design.
Keywords women's empowerment; welfare state; gender policy; self-help groups; cash transfers; capability approach; India
Field Sociology > Politics
Published In Volume 6, Issue 12, December 2025
Published On 2025-12-09
DOI https://doi.org/10.70528/IJLRP.v6.i12.2430
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