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Algorithmic Accountability: Can AI Strengthen Good Governance in India Without Undermining It?

Author(s) Dr. Kiran Estarla
Country India
Abstract Artificial intelligence is rapidly reshaping how the Indian state identifies beneficiaries, allocates welfare, polices crime, and delivers public services, promising efficiency gains that decades of manual administration could not achieve. Yet the same automated systems that promise to reduce discretion-driven corruption also risk manufacturing new opacities: black-boxed eligibility criteria, unaccountable exclusion errors, and surveillance infrastructures that outpace the statutory frameworks meant to restrain them. This paper examines whether algorithmic tools can strengthen good governance in India without eroding the accountability mechanisms — parliamentary oversight, judicial review, the Right to Information, and administrative grievance redress — that legitimate democratic administration. Drawing on India's Digital Public Infrastructure stack (Aadhaar, Direct Benefit Transfer, the IndiaAI Mission), recent legislative developments including the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and comparative regulatory experience from the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Singapore, the paper argues that algorithmic accountability in India remains structurally underdeveloped relative to algorithmic deployment. It proposes a four-pillar framework — mandatory algorithmic impact assessments, tiered transparency obligations, an independent audit function, and citizen-facing redress mechanisms — as a pathway toward AI-enabled governance that is efficient without becoming unaccountable.
Keywords algorithmic accountability; artificial intelligence governance; digital public infrastructure; Aadhaar; Direct Benefit Transfer; Digital Personal Data Protection Act; administrative law; India
Published In Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2024
Published On 2024-08-03
DOI https://doi.org/10.70528/IJLRP.v5.i8.2381
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