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Reviewing Global Policies on Construction and Demolition Waste Management: Towards a Policy Framework for India

Author(s) Hardik Dhull
Country India
Abstract Construction and demolition (C&D) waste has emerged as one of the fastest-growing waste streams worldwide, driven by rapid urbanization, infrastructure expansion, population growth, and increasing redevelopment activities. According to recent global estimates, C&D waste accounts for nearly one-third of all solid waste generated annually, placing significant pressure on natural resources, landfill capacity, and environmental quality. Improper disposal practices contribute to land degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the depletion of finite construction materials. Consequently, governments across the world have introduced comprehensive policy frameworks emphasizing circular economy principles, resource efficiency, waste minimization, mandatory recycling, landfill diversion, and sustainable construction practices. Despite considerable international progress, policy implementation remains uneven, particularly in developing countries such as India, where rapid urban growth continues to generate increasing volumes of C&D waste while recycling infrastructure and institutional capacity remain limited.
This conceptual paper critically reviews global policies and regulatory approaches to C&D waste management and develops an integrated policy framework tailored to the Indian context. A conceptual research methodology based on a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, international policy documents, and institutional reports published up to 2025 was adopted. The study synthesizes international best practices from the European Union, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, Australia, Singapore, and the United States to identify key policy instruments supporting sustainable C&D waste management.
The proposed framework consists of five interconnected policy dimensions: (i) Regulatory and Institutional Governance, (ii) Circular Economy and Resource Recovery, (iii) Digital Monitoring and Technological Innovation, (iv) Economic Instruments and Market Development, and (v) Capacity Building, Stakeholder Participation, and Performance Monitoring. These dimensions collectively support sustainable material recovery, improve regulatory compliance, encourage recycling markets, strengthen institutional coordination, and promote evidence-based policy implementation. The framework further aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9, 11, 12, and 13, thereby contributing to resilient infrastructure, sustainable cities, responsible resource consumption, and climate action.
The study contributes to the literature by integrating fragmented international policy experiences into a comprehensive conceptual framework that can guide policymakers, municipal authorities, regulatory agencies, and industry stakeholders in developing an effective national strategy for C&D waste management in India. The proposed framework also establishes a theoretical foundation for future empirical research evaluating policy effectiveness and implementation across different urban contexts.
Keywords Construction and Demolition Waste, Circular Economy, Sustainable Construction, Waste Management Policy, Resource Recovery, Urban Sustainability and SDGs.
Field Engineering
Published In Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2025
Published On 2025-04-09
DOI https://doi.org/10.70528/IJLRP.v6.i4.2288

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