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Legal Protection for Farmers in India: Addressing Debt, Crop Failure, and Market Vulnerability

Author(s) Mr. Shubhang Agarwal, Dr. Pushpa Mehdoo
Country India
Abstract Agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy, supporting a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to rural livelihoods. Despite its importance, farmers in India continue to face persistent challenges such as indebtedness, crop failures due to climatic uncertainties, and vulnerability to fluctuating market conditions. These issues not only threaten farmers’ economic stability but also raise serious concerns regarding rural distress and agrarian sustainability. In response, the Indian legal and policy framework has introduced several mechanisms aimed at protecting farmers, including credit support systems, crop insurance schemes, market regulation through Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs), and welfare schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana and Minimum Support Price (MSP) policies.
This research paper examines the effectiveness of legal protections available to farmers in India in addressing three critical areas: debt burden, crop failure risks, and market vulnerability. It analyzes constitutional principles, statutory provisions, and policy initiatives designed to safeguard farmers’ economic interests. The study also evaluates the limitations in implementation, accessibility of institutional credit, gaps in insurance coverage, and the challenges posed by market volatility and regulatory inefficiencies. By critically assessing the existing legal framework, the paper highlights the need for stronger institutional support, transparent market mechanisms, and more farmer-centric legal reforms. The research concludes by recommending policy and legislative measures aimed at strengthening financial security, improving risk mitigation mechanisms, and ensuring sustainable agricultural development in India.
Keywords Agricultural Law, Farmers’ Rights, Farmer Indebtedness, Crop Insurance, Market Regulation, Agricultural Policy, Minimum Support Price, Rural Development, Agrarian Crisis.
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2025
Published On 2025-10-06
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