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Multidimensional Human Development in India: Assessing Progress in Health, Education, and Employment Through Policy Interventions and Social Welfare Schemes

Author(s) Dr. G. Nagoji
Country India
Abstract India's human development trajectory has witnessed significant transformation over the past two decades through comprehensive policy interventions and large-scale social welfare schemes targeting health, education, and employment outcomes. This paper examines India's multidimensional human development progress using the Human Development Index (HDI) framework, analyzing improvements from 0.428 in 2000 to 0.633 in 2021, representing a shift from the low to the medium human development category. The study evaluates major policy initiatives, including the National Health Mission, Right to Education Act, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), and Ayushman Bharat, assessing their impact on human development outcomes. Health sector analysis reveals substantial improvements with life expectancy increasing from 62.3 years (2000) to 67.2 years (2021), infant mortality declining from 68 per 1,000 live births to 28, and maternal mortality reducing by 70%. Education indicators show dramatic progress with literacy rates rising from 65.4% to 77.7%, primary school enrollment achieving near-universalization at 96.5%, and gender parity improving significantly. Employment and poverty reduction efforts through MGNREGA have provided 2.73 billion person-days of work annually, while social protection schemes cover over 950 million beneficiaries across various programs. Despite these achievements, challenges persist, including regional disparities, quality deficits in service delivery, and informal sector vulnerabilities. The paper concludes that India's integrated approach to human development, combining rights-based legislation with targeted schemes and digital delivery mechanisms, offers valuable lessons for developing countries pursuing inclusive and sustainable human development pathways.
Keywords Human development, multidimensional poverty, health policy, education policy, employment programs, social welfare, India, HDI, MGNREGA, Ayushman Bharat
Published In Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2024
Published On 2024-12-07
Cite This Multidimensional Human Development in India: Assessing Progress in Health, Education, and Employment Through Policy Interventions and Social Welfare Schemes - Dr. G. Nagoji - IJLRP Volume 5, Issue 12, December 2024.
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